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V.P. Yesilevsky, K.H. Rudnev, V.S. Sutolov,
A.N. Kronaus. A-A. Petushbov, V.G. Rygalin and by many other out
elder colleagues continues living that is what really matters. Over
the past time period dozens of doctors and hundreds at candidates
of sciences were prepered in the institute, over 1.500 types of
various instruments for non-destructive tests and technical diagnostics
were developed, over 1.000 authors's certiicates of inventions were
obtained, a great potential of diagnostic intellect, talent and intelligence
was accumulated. Thirty years ago when I came to the Institute of
introscopy it occupied two stores in the institute of technical
glass in Novy Cheremushbi and several rooms in the scientific and
design institute of testing machines, instruments and facilities
to measure mass in Kholodilny Lane near the Danilovsky market. At
that time nobody could imagine the present-day result - creating
a powerful company competitive in the world in the form of a closed-end
joint-stock society consisting of more than 10 specialized scientific
departments, a pilot plant, bank, restaurant, shops, hotel, garages
and cooperating with many leading foreighn companies and all the
societies for non-destructive testing. Recently, economical conditions
of the MSIA "Spectrum" operation have greatly changed. A series
of independent companies headed, for instance, by E.I. Vainberg,
V.A. Bakushev, Arbuzovs, Ya.I. Tomilin and others has appeared.
But "Spektrum" remains to be "Spectrum" with its range of scientific
problems of technical diagnostics and non-destructive testing range
of all the electromagnetic and acoustic fields, scope of economic
and staff problems and multiple various activity trends.
We are approaching the 21st century and hope that the "Spectrum" will be
a powerful source of new conceptions and results in that century
too. I would like to thank sincerely all the colleagues for their
labor, life, patience and love given to our company and also all
the "Spectrum"'s friends from various coutries throughout the world
for their assistance, attention and efficient cooperation.
It is quite obvious for us that in the 21 century diagnostics and testing
of quality will take a more significant place in solving the safety
problem. They will be provided for the overwhelming majority of
expensive projects of power engineering, machine building, metallury,
construction and other branches and will become an inherent component
part of the majority of erections. Besides, methods and facilities
of non-destructive testing and technical diagnostics are updated
together with updating the technological base to a still greater
measure, are computerized, microminiatyrized, intellectualized and
integrated. Tomography which combines achievements in the sphere
of physics (nuclear magnetic resonance, ultrasound, X-rays, superhighfrequency
electromagnetic band, thermovision, etc.) and computer engineering
both from the point of view of the hardware and also from the point
of view of software. Only one path of developing diagnostics and
non-destructive testing can not be specified; it is necessary to
see the whole variety of test and diagnostics methods and aids in
prospect beginning from simple and inexpensive ones (thermometers,
magnetic powders, electromagnetic end switches and many others)
and to completely automatized and robotized testing and diagnostics
systems which operate off-line without man's participation over
a prolong time.
Developing complex diagnostic movable laboratories
and stationary regional diagnostic centers is obvious as well. Diagnostics
and test aids will become primary in solving ecological problems.
Integral quality estimation will be more and more often substituted
for quantitative ones assessing flaw parameters and, what really
matters, degree of its danger in time as applied to a product being
operated.
A substantially greater attention will be paid to diagnostics
of the pre-flaw material state, testing its physico-mechanical properties
before appearance of continuity ruptures. In our view, unification
of medical and technical diagnostics methods and aids will take
place taking into account that a human being remains the most difficult
object for defining the qualitative state. One can see already at
present the evolution of diagnostic systems in the future for timely
forecasting earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and other ecological disasters.
It is obvious that the safe operation of transport, power engineering
progects, banks, etc. and also resource saving and life safety will
be accompanied with introducing a great number of extra diagnostic
and testing channels. Technical diagnostics and non-destructive
testing will remain as important elements of the defence coplex,
particularly its data and expert systems.
So the next century will
bring a new scope of urgent and interesting diagnostic problems
to MSIA "Spectrum".
And at present we should forecast the 21st century
diagnostics evolution understanding clearly that the diagnostics
trend in science, engineering and technology advance rapidly.
Moscow
Scientific Industrial Assosiation Spectrum", the main body
of which is Scientific Research Institute of Introscopy celeoiKtes
its 3o years jubilee.
Now one may establish with satisfaction that
we are a known in the country and far abroad formed inatitition
resolving successfully important scientific-and-appiied problems
interacting with both domestic and foreign firms, and hsving an
internatiooai prestige.
It is not out piace td recoiiect some milestones
of the Institutes of Introgcopy history and prehistory.
Beginning
with May IP54 in Institute of Metallurgy of Academy of Sciences
the Eiectrophysicai Laboratory functioned, which had been
transfered there from Ministry of Defencefence as a result of a
mutual petition of Defence Deputy Ministr Marshal of the Soviet
Union C.l.Zhu-kov and Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
academician I.P.Bardin.
Ihe Laboratory deveioped methods of electronic
conversion, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and light osciilatioiiB
amplifying and detection.
The Laboratory was headed by prof. P.Oschepkov.
who was the the first director of our Institute.
Investigation purposes
were devtlopmant of means for penetrating radiation visualization
using variouu physical methods to study structure and detect flaws
in optically opaque media.
Betatron bremsstrahlung, roentgen and
infrared rays, ultrasonics, mass spectrometry. gamma-ray activation
anai-ysise: here is a story of mesns used in this laboratory.
In
the laboratory the first in our country infrared in-troscopes and
infrared microscopes were created. Production of the IR microecopes
was undortaken by the Optico-Mechanicai Assosiation LOMO. Variations
of the instrument are produced there untill now. Monitoring of these
worcs development continued in the Institute ofjintroscopy. as well.
A development of nondestructive testing methods for helicopters"
important details was carried out successfully under management
of A.M.Yakobson with use of Ж-гау.
To designate the compien of researches
carried out a generalizing term "Introscopy" was appeared, which
had been proposed by the .P.K.Oschpekov's deputy Rybalko V.I. Soon
this word was common aiso beyond IMEI. In i937 the author of these
lines was proposed a possablity to deiivar a report on introscopy
essence through the all-Union (USSR> radio.
On the I-st Yanuary
1959 prof. P.K. Oschepkov delivered report on introscopy as a new
scientific and technical direction, at the meeting of Presidium
of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.The report was approved Hind
supported.
Academicians V.A.Kote^ikov A.I. Berg and chief aircraft
designer O.K. Antonov got to know researches of the laboratory in
details.
As early as in 60s problems and scope of investigatiion
got outgrow topics frsmework of JMET, and material snd technical
base available got short for fruitfull work.
Measures were taken
to create its own production division corresponding to laboratory
specific features. An experimental and technological unit was formed
and located in another district of the city - in Institute of Technical
Giass (Division "U">.
Affairs were near to the creation of special
scientific research institute.
In 1963 some State Committes and
big Russian scientists spoke out for supports,of proposals to create
the new institute.
Thus, academician A.I. Berg wrote to the chairman
of USSR Council of National Economy (CNE) "Activities of the laboratory
are centered to resolve the problem of direct vision in opague bodies
and media. What is on my view new in an affair to got data on technology
processes and properties of bodies. Instrumente of introscopy will
find wide appication in systems of automatical control and management
in industry, military technigues, scientific researches, and medicine".
And further: "I support the draft decision of CNE on creation of
the original Institute on Introscopy entirely". On 6 May 1964 the
decision of CNE wae adopted on organization of the Institute of
Introscopy in which the Electrophysical Laboratory of IMET (48 persons),
the above mentioned Division "U" (45 persons), and the Dlaw Detection
Division of NIKMP (40 persons) where included. On the base of the
NIKMP's Flaw Detection Division, headed by prof. H.I. Ermolin, the
two structural divisions of the Insitute arose, which introduced
very important methods for resolving urgent industrial problems,
namely magnetic and Measures were taken to create its own production
division corresponding to laboratory specific features. An experimental
and technological unit was formed and located in another district
of the city - in Institute of Technical Glass (Division "U").
Affairs
were near to the creation of special scientific research institute.
In 1963 some State Committee and big Russian scientists spoke out
for supports of proposals to create the new institute. Thus, academician
A.I. Berg wrote to the chairman of USSR Council of National Economy
(CNE) "Activities of the laboratory are centered to resolve the
problem of direct vision in opague bodies and media. What is on
my view new in an affair to got data on technology processes and
properties of bodies. Instruments of introscopy will find wide appication
in systems of automatical control and management in industry, military
technigues, scientific researches, and medicine".
And further: "I
support the draft decision of CNE on creation of the original Institute
on Introscopy entirely". On 6 May 1964 the decision of CNE was adopted
on organization of the Institute of Introscopy in which the Electrophysical
Laboratory of IMET (48 persons), the above mentioned Division "U"
(45 persons), and the Flaw Detection Division of NIKIMP (40 persons)
where included.
On the base of the NIKIMP's Flaw Detection Division,
headed by prof. H.I. Eryomin, the two structural divisions of the
Insitute arose, which introduced very important methods for resolving
urgent industrial problems, namely magnetic and electromagnetic
inspections.
Division of electromagnetic methods of inspection was
headed by c.t.s. V.V. Kljuev.
The large part of organisational work
was carried on broad shoulders of leaders of the former Eiectrophysica)
Laboratory generally.
Together with P.K. Oschepkov, V.I. Rybalko,
and T.I.Kapelin, a setting things going for the Institute and its
divisions located in seven different (I) districts of the city,
creation of Scientific and technical council, forming and equipping
scientific laboratories and auxiliary services had to be done by
L.M. Doon, A.M. Yakobson, T.N Stasyuk, and A.F. Mochalov.
Scientific
problems of the Institute and its themes were " established by decision
of the Scientific Board of the state Committee on coordination of
SRW on 3 March 1965.
Nondestructive testing of sheet rolling, metalware
and tubing products were indicated as basic problems.
Fullilment
of works on these and other directions was essentially hampered
by the absence of an Institutes ouen building and by the shortage
of specialiste team.
Although the decision to pass over the building
no 35 Usachov str., Moscow, as the ownership of the Institute was
adapted by the Moscow city authorities 13 Jan. 1965, some years
passed yet before the SRII couid function normally. We had to move
the residents to their new places and fit the rooms to the new purposes.
(The building was constructed in 20-s as the dormintory of the Communiet
Education Academy.
However, yet before to put into operation the
building completely the scientific personell worked on problems
established.
Having come in the Institute with a group of collegues,
c.t.s. V.V. Kluev (as a member of the NIKIMP's Flaw Detection Division)
was successfully included in resolution of urgent and difficult
"tubing" themes. The first steps were done and practical contribution
was put to heip to Pervour-alsc New Tube Rolling Works.
In 1965
at the Institute there was the following scientific divisions: of
roentgen, optical, radiowave, ultrasonic, electromagnetic, magnetic
methods, and division of vacuum eiectronic devices. The heads of
these divisions were c.ph-m.s. A.M.Yakobson, c.t.s. L.M. Doon, c.ph-m.s.
V.A.Pavelyev, c.ph-m.s. V.I.Sorokin, c.t.s. V.V.Kljuev. d.t.s. N.I.
Eryomin. The Division of Vacuum Eiectronic Devices was headed by
M.Ya. Mularov, engineer.
The scientific and technical library was
compiled by engineer L.B. Pirozhnikov.
The personell department
was headed by E.P. Ershova.
Before 1967 at the Institute there were
3 doctors of sciences and 22 candidates of sciences.
There were
25 persons in the design division, 26 persons in the experimental
and technological division.
The scientific and technical council
functioned in three sections. The editors board prepared and issued
the first collected works of the Institute in 1967.
In the same
1967 the first All-Union Symposjum on IR microscopy (orgaising committee
chairman was L.M. Doon) and the All-Union Meeting on radio wave
introscopy (organising committee chairman was V.A. Pavelyev) were
carried out Academician N.D.
Devyatkov took his part in work of
the Meeting.
In 1970 the first director of the Institute, Honoured
Scientist and Technician, prof. P.K. Oschepkov, d.t.s. left it because
state of health.
From the middle of 1970 the Institute is headed
by V.V. Kljuev.
Naturally, during the time of existence of the Institute,
its problems underwent essential evoiution in accordance with development
of science and technology.
Modern demands of commercial production,
various branches of national economy, and medicine found theer reflection
in the content of research and scientific-and-pro-duction activities
of the collective.
The importance of works on the roentgen direction
have risen for both technical and medical purposes.
The computer
tomography is successfully deveioped.
Sencors are developed and
produced in series for equipping automated productions including
robotics.
On several directions there are developed the scientific
cooperation and joint developments with known advanced foreign firms,
what promotes the maintenance of the scientific and technical level
of works carried out.
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